Avi teaching at a recent seminar at Joel’s Academy in New Jersey.

Someone who can be sensitive while being tough and firm.
Someone who is willing to learn while teaching.
Someone who believes that learning slow gains more than learning fast.
Someone who believes that mastering small portions is much more effective than learning all at once.
Someone who listens while talking.
Someone who understands that not all students are the same.
Someone who knows his limitations.
Someone who is willing to say no and not only thinks of money.
Someone who can improvise his methods to adapt to people’s abilities and disabilities.
Someone who is happy to teach and happy to see the progress of his students.

Avi Nardia and Sage Benado

Maishel and Menashe Harel, mid 1940's short stick defense against strike to the right.

The Kapap system was developed in the late 1930s, within the Jewish Aliyah camps (ma-ha-not Olim) as part of preparatory training before their arrival in Palestine. It became a concept of fighting rather than a fighting system, due to the fighting skills contribution it gave the practitioner. The Palmach adopted the Kapap as an ongoing combat development program for their recruits.

It was primarily considered a practical skill set that was acquired during the training period of the Palmach fighter. The main focus was to upgrade the Physical endurance, elevate and strengthen the spirit, developing a defensive and offensive skill set when needed. It included physical training and endurance, cold weapon practical usage, Boxing and jujutsu, and knife and stick fighting.

The Walking Stick Method of Self-Defence (La canne) was already part of the Kapap syllabus; it was adopted from the British forces in India and was still taught as an answer to the threat of the Arab locals who were equipped with the ‘Nabut’ (1 meter long stick).

The most emphasized part of training was the use of sticks (short and long). The short stick method became most popular by use, due to the adaptation of the young generation of recruits. Among the sticks used in the Kapap fighting, the short stick was most commonly used and therefore practiced. It was favored due to its concealability in the sleeve until the actual fight began on the streets.

Main Contributors

Gershon Kopler: Judo and jujutsu Instructorwho organized and established the self-defense concept as part of the Kapap training in the Palmach and Haganah.

Yehuda Marcus: Palmach’s physical training judo and jujitsu chief Instructor who replaced Gershon Kopler after his death.

Moshe Finkel: Palmach’s fitness training officer, integrated the different typologies of the art into the training regime.

Maishel Horovitz: Palmach’s official Kapap Instructor, was in charge of the development of the short stick fight tactics at the Palmach and made it famous to the term Kapap.

Menashe Harel: Contributed to the development of the short stick fighting system and was the only instructor for the use of the sling.

Meir Rabinovitz: Knife fighting.

Itzhak Stibel: Boxing.

Training

The Kapap system was based on principles and not techniques.

Kapap Training included:

• Proper body posture
• Relative positioning
• Striking shapes
• Striking methods
• Stick/baton defense
• Stick/Baton Attack
• Modern Day/Renewed System

Kapap as a term was officially abandoned by the military due to ongoing change in its infrastructure and common terminology to fit the modern day, Since the ’40s and up until the year 2000 the term Kapap was limited in use and usually described the historical term from the early days of the Jewish Underground movements Palmach and Haganah.

At the end of year 2000 a group of people headed by Lt.Colonel ( Res ) Chaim Peer and Major ( Res ) Avi Nardia decided NOT to use the generic words Krav Maga as hand to hand and to renew the use of the term Kapap/Krav Panim El Panim and established the International Kapap Federation, an NPO organization in Israel. Avi Nardia moved to the USA in 2001 and started the unique development of the Kapap Combatives system.

The KAPAP Federation is based in Israel, with Avi Nardia KAPAP Combatives serving as its sole representative in the United States and outside of Israel.

To understand Israeli martial arts you need to understand the history of Israel and why the art was developed in the first place, and to see why it must continue to evolve. You need to understand the goal of the art.

No one can sit in Los Angeles or anywhere else and teach Israeli martial arts and claim to be the official system of the Israeli army if they have never served a day in the Israeli army. Remember, Israeli martial arts was a concept before it was a “martial art”.

Israeli martial arts has a history that started in the late 1940s. During this time the Jewish people were under attack and they were forced to fight, not so much for their culture or life style, but simply to survive. For this reason Israeli martial arts do not use a belt system and we do not bow to one another, not because we don’t respect our enemy, but because we do. This art was developed for “real life” survival, not for sport.

There are many famous people and others who aren’t so famous who contributed to the history of the Israeli martial arts. One of the most famous is Solomon Aruch whose life story was told in the movie “Triumph of the Spirit”. Solomon Aruch had to fight on a daily basis in Nazi concentration camps to be allowed to survive. The Nazis would arrange boxing matches and he would be forced to win or die. Their was Hana Senseh, a young Hungarian, a new immigrant, living in kibbutz ‘Sdoth Yam’ who was recruited to serve as a paratrooper in the British Army. She fought against the Nazis, helping Jewish people in Hungary during world war two. This young brave girl lost her life in this mission. In addition, their was Oli Giveon, the commander of the Revengers Unit that fought the Nazis and was later responsible for hunting down Nazi war criminals. There are legendery fighters alive today such as Meir Har-Tzion, who helped found Paratroop Unit 101, the first Israeli anti-terrorist unit. Of Meir Har-Tzion, Moshe Dayan said: “He was the bravest Jewish warrior since Bar Kochba. These and many others are the people behind Israeli martial arts and CQB training.

The road to the development of Israeli martial arts and CQB has been a long bloody road, filled with the deaths of many of those who helped to develop it. Only someone who has no comprehension of the true cost of its development, in terms of human life, would think about owning it or using it for financial gain. It is alive, used for everyday survival, not meant to become stagnant, stuck in the past. This is why we fight so hard to see that no one person “owns” Israeli martial arts and CQB and why it cannot be trademarked in Israel and why it should not be trademarked anywhere else in the world. Israeli martial arts and CQB has no one owner or creator, it belongs to all who fought and lived and those who fought and died and to those who continue to work to develop Israeli martial arts so that those who use it will survive to fight another day.

As you study Israeli martial arts and CQB you need to understand the Israeli culture. You need to know about Eli Cohen, the Egyptian born Jew, who daringly attempted to infiltrate Syria, which at the time controlled the Golan Heights and frequently shelled the Israeli settlers down below. On May 18, 1965, the Government of Syria executed Eli Cohen, despite protests from world leaders and Israel. He was never allowed a defense at his trial. He was brutally tortured during interrogation in defiance of international humanitarian law and his body was never returned to his family. We are still fighting today to bring his body home to Israel. (If you wish to help bring Eli Cohen home please sign the petition on his web site, www.elicohen.org). You need to know about the 11 Israeli athletes who were murdered at the Olympic games in 1972 (see the movie “One Day in September”). You should also know that the first victim of September 11th was Israeli, his name was Daniel Levin. He was in one of the airplanes taken by the terrorists and he was the first person to fight the terrorist in an attempt to stop their attack.

This is the history of the real Israeli martial arts and CQB, the spirit of fearlessness and determination, the back bone from which the Israeli martial arts and CQB training derived. So, if you want to learn Israeli martial arts, you must learn it with the same spirit and heart of those who developed it and continue to refine it. Don’t learn Israeli martial arts and QCB because you’ve seen what you think is Israeli martial arts done by some actor in the movies or on T.V., and please don’t fall for the marketing scams of those who know nothing about the spirit of the real Israeli martial arts. If you are truly interested in Israeli martial arts, read on and learn more about it.

The Development of Israeli KAPAP/CQB

Unfortunately, Israel is the most experienced nation in the world when it comes to terrorism and that is why it has developed one of the most valued CQB training systems in the world – the Israeli martial art of KAPAP/CQB, who’s history has been written in special ink, our blood. The knowledge gained in developing the martial art of KAPAP/CQB came from not only the experience of successful operations against terrorist attacks, but many times it came by making tragic mistakes. It was after these mistakes occurred that better techniques were developed to avoid making the same tragic mistakes again. For this reason, the Israeli martial art of KAPAP/CQB is about evaluation and evolution. Even today, the weapons of warfare and self-defense have evolved from earlier techniques and strategies. For example, a few hundred years ago the bow and arrow was a combat tool, while today we have guns – the bow and arrow of modern times and of modern martial arts. Just as the arrow was once the edged weapon projected towards a target, it is now the bullet that is the edged weapon. Instead of the bow as the force behind the delivering of the arrow, gunpowder now takes on the same role to deliver the bullet. That is why today, in the evolution of Israeli martial arts such as Kapap, we see guns being used as an integral part of the training, especially when it comes to gun disarming. Gun retention which should be taught as one unit together. Not only is it important to know how to disarm a gun, but you must also know how to retain it, and if necessary, use it. We see guns and firearms as martial arts!

Israeli CQB training, as well as KAPAP, owes its development to many different individuals. Though most of their names are missing from any list you will find, they have all contributed to the art and that is why no one individual can claim sole ownership of having developed it. As with any martial art, it is important to understand the origin of Israeli martial arts and to recognize the culture from which it began. For Israeli’s, the roots of Israeli CQB came from anti-Semitism and the Nazi’s desire to kill the Jews. It is the same feeling that some radical Muslim groups have today against Jews. It is this climate of hatred that has given Israeli’s their fighting spirit, fighting back in order to survive. This is what Israeli martial arts is all about – to do whatever it takes to survive the fight. For Israeli’s, the reality is that when you’re in a fight for your life it’s not important how good you look delivering a spinning kick if there is a chance the technique will kill you. And why will it kill you? Simply because the spinning back kick is useless and the person you were fighting against used ugly, but practical, techniques to live another day.

Israeli KAPAP and Traditional Martial Art

KAPAP was the first CQB training introduced in Israel and was based on stick fighting, knives, guns, and hand-to-hand and even stone throwing in the old days. The idea is to fight with what you have available in your hand. For instance, when people argue about what gun is the best gun to have or what knife is the best knife to have the answer is obvious – the best gun or knife, or any weapon for that matter, is the one you have in your hand when you need it. This is also the main idea behind Israeli KAPAP/CQB. It was not developed to create a new Ryu and lots of “new” 10th Dan grandmasters so that Israel could have a place in the international arena of martial arts. That is why there are no uniforms or belts or ranks or even bowing to an opponent when sparring or training. All are considered useless because they serve no purpose in an encounter involving a real, life-threatening situation. An example of what occurs during a real encounter occurred last year with a martial artist who was shot to death during a fight in parking lot. Although he was a kickboxing champion he lost his life to his assailant who shot him after he tried to grab the assailant’s gun.

Certainly, if it were a fight in the ring the martial artist probably would have won the fight. However, the fight was for his life and not for prize money. This is not to say that every encounter will end successfully, but how you respond to a situation will depend on whether or not you have the ability to effectively defend yourself or the mentality to accept the fact that it is okay to run away from a situation in order to stay alive.

As mentioned earlier, Israeli KAPAP is based on evaluation and evolution, which must be done for every technique in order to examine it, to see if it accomplishes what it is designed to accomplish. In KAPAP, techniques are also evaluated to determine whether any soldier or police officer can do it and, for civilians, whether they can be done by the weakest man or woman. The techniques must also be easy to teach. If the individual or group has a very limited time to train, easier and simpler techniques can be implemented to accommodate these training needs. However, if there is time to train, better and more specific techniques are also taught. Another important consideration for teaching KAPAP is liability. When teaching military personnel, you teach soldiers to stay in the killing zone and continue the assault on the enemy. For a civilian, just the opposite applies. If after disarming a knife an individual decides to stay in the fight and attempts to kill the attacker there is a good chance that individual will be spending time in jail. Also, when teaching police officers, there are other things to consider since just about every law enforcement agency has a defensive tactics program that must not only be politically correct, but must also meet any legal and medical requirements before being implemented. So, although KAPAP is specific in its application it is still flexible enough to be used in any arena to meet liability concerns.

Today, CQB is a modern martial art while traditional martial arts are considered older styles. It is when these two are combined, the old with the new, that they can then be effective. In essence, modern martial arts can’t live without the traditional martial arts nor can the traditional martial arts live without the modern martial arts. The bottom line is, when some one is going to kick you your life is not at risk, only your ego. However, when someone pulls a knife or points a gun at you, you need to know how, when and if you should act. If someone says, “Give me your money” the best defense is to give him your money. If the encounter becomes more life threatening then you must also defend yourself. The question is – do you have the tools to know what to do and how to do it? The Israeli martial art of KAPAP is the self-defense system that can provide you with these tools when your life, not your ego, is on the line.

Introduction to Close Quarters Battle (CQB)

CQB can be described as combat taking place within buildings, cars, hallways, stairwells, rooms, enclosures, and other constricted spaces. Although CQB training first started with military and law enforcement personnel, it is now being taught to security unit personnel and civilians. CQB is important to security forces because the techniques associated with CQB serve as the foundation for recapture tactics. As a result, security units and their personnel must have the ability to respond to a “worst case scenario” by recapturing the asset that it is protecting.

CQB can involve – individually or collectively, hand-to-hand combat, weapons, and more. As a result, we need to be proficient with every move. For instance, with hand-to-hand combat we cannot assume that the enemy will freeze up when we engage him. We need to think that he will counter our moves so we need to consider this and be ready for it in the fight – whether it is with a firearm or with a knife. That is why in Kapap we include these elements as a part of the hand-to-hand combat program.

Violent Confrontation

This term is used to describe a meeting of two or more combatants (even if one or more is passive) where there is the potential for or actual use of extreme destructive force. This type of confrontation usually occurs at close range in a short amount of time.

The SOP 9 Study

This study was conducted in New York and examined every shot fired in the line of duty by law enforcement officials during the course of one year. Out of a total of 2,047 shots fired that year only 217 actually hit their intended targets and only 10 percent of these shots hit vital organs. During interviews with the officers involved in these shootings the majority of them commented that they never even acquired their front sights when they engaged their target. Additionally, these officers also experienced some or all of the following:

• The confrontations took place at the range of ten feet or less with duration of less than four seconds. During this time, fewer than five rounds were fired.
• The typical response was from the holster.
• A sudden feeling of shock and surprise overwhelmed the officers.

The end result of this study showed that the police officers were NOT trained properly enough to handle these of life and death situations. Now, can you imagine what it would be like for a civilian who has even less training than these officers? That is why, for civilians, realistic training is needed and should be conducted by experienced firearms instructors.

THINGS TO CONSIDER

Psychological Aspects: Under severe stress, the normal mental processes become extremely difficult and the mind resorts to its most basic processes. The following are examples of psychological effects you may experience during a combat situation or any other high stress situation:

• Tunnel vision: Under extreme stress your attention will primarily be focused on the greatest threat and, as a result, you will have a temporary loss of peripheral vision.
• Auditory Exclusion: As with tunnel vision, you will focus on the greatest threat and will have the inability to hear for a period of time. For instance, you will probably not hear anyone shouting at you.
• Electro Dermal Stimulation: A reaction of the skin that makes the hair stand up on the arms and the back of neck.
• Time/Space Compression: There will be a slow down in the perceived passage of time and a shift in perceived spatial relationship in times of high stress. This is caused by the inability to judge speed and distance and accurately balance the two. Also, you may experience a slowing down of time. In other words, everybody will seem to move in slow motion.
• Mental Track: In most high stress situations, to include life and death situations, a person’s ability to keep track of the details of the situation taking place around him becomes nearly impossible. In most police shootings, a police officer being debriefed after an engagement does not usually remember how many rounds that he fired. This can happen even in training. Therefore, as a shooter, you must learn to beware of the number of rounds you fired so the weapon does not run completely dry in the middle of a firefight. This concept of awareness not only applies to a shooting situation, but also applies to hand-to-hand combat and edged weapons.

Physiological Aspects: Regardless of how much training an individual has certain studies, along with the SOP 9 study; show that during a combat situation, one or more physical changes take place in an individual’s body. That is why proper training is necessary to help minimize certain aspects.

The following are examples of physiological effects you may experience during a combat situation or any other high stress situation:

• Pulse and Breathing: In any excitable situation, pulse and breathing will always be affected. Your heart rate increases and your breathing becomes rapid and shallow
• Adrenaline: This is nothing more than a hormone that stimulates involuntary nerve action. The amount of stress you are placed under will depend on the amount of adrenaline released into the system. When adrenaline is released into the body, it stimulates the muscles. This causes them to tighten. Depending on the individual and the situation, this is more than adequate to affect an individual’s shooting position or fighting position.
• Coordination and Reflexes: Under any type of stress hand and eye coordination degrade severely, especially the coordination of the hand and fingers.

The Chemical Cocktail

The reactions just discussed are the result of the body’s survival response to a potentially lethal situation. When suddenly placed in a life-threatening situation, the body will dump the below listed chemicals into the bloodstream and mix with sodium. This “chemical cocktail” creates an imbalance characterized by general muscle tightening and loss of fine motor skills. This chemical cocktail includes:

• Epinephrine: An adrenal hormone that stimulates automatic nerve action (fight).
• Nor – Epinephrine: A hormone that is formed naturally in the body’s nerve endings during times of fear (flight).
• Cortazol: A crystalline hormone released to the body’s nerve endings during times of fear (fight).

The body’s reaction

The body’s response to this imbalance by releasing potassium to counteract the effects of the sodium. However, this process takes time and slows our ability to react. As a result, we must always seek to minimize the impact that this chemical cocktail has on us in order to improve our reaction times. We can do this by training to maintain the proper “mindset”.

Mindset is a term used to describe an individual’s state of mental readiness to act or react to a stimulus in our environment that ensures survival. This proper combat mindset is neither learned nor can it be taught, it must be developed from within. The tools you need for proper combat mindset can only be exposed in a schoolhouse environment to help you to develop yourself.

The Breakdown of the Mind

Conscious Mind: The conscious mind is the thinking part of the mind. It takes seconds to make decisions when using this part of the brain. In any type of combat situation the conscious mind’s decision making process is too slow to keep you alive. The conscious mind is a hindrance causing you to have to react to every situation instead of acting.

Sub-Conscious Mind: Reacts to situations. This part of the mind works in quarter seconds, which is much faster than the conscious mind. It has to be trained in order for it to work properly.

When training, the skills being learned need not only to be simple, but sound and effective. The sub-conscious mind is only developed through proper repetition (muscle memory) in training. You must strive for perfection each and every repetition. If you train poorly, or if the training is too complicated or too detailed, when the sub-conscious mind takes over it will not be able to respond properly to the situation. What occurs is the conscious mind identifies the situation, realizes it cannot handle it, and then turns it over to the sub-conscious mind to react. That is why we say that in any type of combat situation a person must rely on his training in order to survive.

The Optimum Combat Mindset

Optimum combat mindset is the state of mind where you have prepared yourself mentally (both consciously and sub consciously), physically, emotionally, tactically, and technically to endure the rigors of combat for prolonged periods of time and under extremely adverse conditions, and still remain effective.

Developing a Combat Mindset

Like the body the mind needs to be conditioned to respond or function properly in combat. When faced with a combat situation you want your mind to be free of distractions so that all of your focus is on the mission at hand – such as getting out of a situation and if it’s at the killing zone, killing the enemy and surviving the encounter). You need to be mentally prepared for death and injury and you need to go into the fight prepared for the worst. For instance, if you find yourself in a knife fight you should expect to get cut or if you go into a shooting you should expect to get shot.

Remember, response time is a critical factor in surviving a violent confrontation in a CQB environment. Do not waste time analyzing and second-guessing in an attempt to make the best possible decision. The time that is saved in the thought process will in turn save your life as you fight to end the fight.

One of the most Important things to remember is do not forget the One plus rule – if you get into a fight hand to hand think he could have a knife, if he has a knife he could have another one or a gun.  All the time keep alert and one step ahead! Make our rules and Swords of Wisdom as a way of life.  The first rule is that there are no rules….

Kapap “Swords Of Wisdom”

Kapap – Martial arts that teach

Traditional – Cultural – Contemporary

Research and Explore!

Personal – teaching evaluation of techniques with no conflicts

Most people talk, we like to do!

Fearlessness and Determination are the key to the fighting Spirit, the key to winnning the fight!

“Israeli martial arts and CQB, a concept before it was a martial art”

“Always a student, sometimes a teacher”

“Better a student of reality than a master of illusion”

“Any weapon – one mind“

“Edged weapons do not run out of ammunition and they never jam”

“If you fight an edged weapon assume that you may get cut”

“There are two kinds of fights: for your ego or for your life. Kapap is for the fight for your life”

KAPAP agenda – we look for quality not quantity!

Because of the experience – no one can fight with experience. Find a good teacher!

Everyone has a plan until they get hit.

Kapap-Krav Panim El Panim – The next step in Israeli martial arts

Kapap Argentina 2009

Knowledge and judgment come from experience. Experience comes from good or bad judgment regarding life situations, which leads to evolution over time. That’s how Close Quarter Battle (CQB) and Defensive Tactics are built up and improved every day.

There is an old story a Zen teacher told me. “In the Zen temple at the time of evening meditation the cat that used to live there made too much noise. So the Zen teacher asked a student to tie the cat up each time they would meditate. After years had gone by, the teacher and the student passed away and so did the cat. A new cat was brought to the temple and the tradition of tying the cat was maintained. 100 years later, many Zen philosophies were written around how important it is to tie a cat at evening meditation.”

As you see, sometimes we do things and we don’t know the real reason we are doing it for. We just copy martial arts moves but do not understand them. If we don’t look for the reasons behind it all, or seek to uncover potential problems with doing things this way or another, we will not keep going forward and we may lose the real reason why the teacher tied the cat up in the first place (which may not have any current relevance). We may be missing the opportunity to advance to a better level in our training.

Thinking “outside-of-the-box” is the skill you must adopt as you teach CQB and defensive tactics. Life is random in many ways, and therefore you must be more random as a teacher and not follow the “curriculum”. If you teach in a box and in a frame that has a locked up curriculum, and you do not to think and analyze fast, teaching randomly will be harder than it seems. It is also harder for the students because you will demand from them to think, and most people don’t like to think. That’s why they fall in love with the misleading terms of “keep-it-simple”. They do not realize they are hooked on boxed-in systems based on knowledge of two moves. The “McKrav” schools that have two moves for any knife/edged weapon attacks and gun disarming. Moves which appear in historical manual books of the British officers Fairbairn and Sykes and later by legendary  Col. Rex Applegate, techniques which contain deadly mistakes for today’s reality but are still taught as a “new” and innovative.

Avi Nardia Kapap Combatives has evolved through experience and knowledge, so those deadly mistakes are no longer made, but we continue to see them still recycled in the market as the “Official Israeli Martial Arts” . In real combat, we count on our sensors to get more information in “real time”. We use smell, vision, hearing, feeling and taste to receive feedback as to what is transpiring during the fight. That’s why it’s very important to attack your enemy’s sensors in a real fight/survival situation. If you fail to unbalance the enemy’s sensors, you are going to reduce your survivability.

This is the reason that Avi Nardia Kapap Combatives teaches first to attack the sensors to help us survive better. We target the enemy’s eyes, ears, nose, skin, nerves, and anything that will help us to make him disoriented. We need to remember that under CQB conditions, it’s not only what you can do to your enemy but also what he also can do to stop you. Most of the time he will have the first move because he surprised you and you will be under the first stress. Your sensors may be the first to be hit and you will be disoriented. So as a basic training to teach disorientation without panic or confusion and losing your survival system we use a swimming pool and a system called “Drownproofing”.

As humans we have a natural fear of drowning and the pool gives us a great tool to train better to deal with fear and being able to react under stress. Drownproofing was developed by swimming coach Fred Lanoue, who was known to his students as “Crankshaft” because of his limping gait. It was first taught in 1940. His method was so successful that it gained national recognition and the US Navy took interest, adopting it as part of their standard training. Once they had mastered the Drownproofing technique, students learned how to stay afloat with their wrists and ankles bound, swim 50 yards (46m) underwater, and retrieve diving rings from the bottom of the pool using their teeth, along with some other activities. They also began to add with this some other disorienting elements like “cold water conditioning” by letting them become very cold which stresses more and more sensors of the body as it approaches hypothermia.

We’ve adapted these training techniques for our purposes. For example, we also unbalance the vision by splashing water into the eyes with hands or water guns, or give students goggles painted black to block the vision. Another water-based training element is to box and kick after being in cold water for a period of time. Since the skin is a sensor and has had to deal with the cold, it causes disorientation.

We also perform knife fighting in the water while another student splashes water to their eyes. This helps to simulate eyes injured in a fight so the students learn they can’t count on vision only. It’s why sensitivity exercises are so necessary in martial arts. Another successful method of training is to have our students released from guillotine holds while they are under water so the fear and stress level is more realistic. We do throws in the water.water is the best mat! Water is excellent for cardio training as well. This kind of training is an example of how Kapap Academy helps its students have more realistic experiences to gain better knowledge and judgement to deal with real life CQB. Future DVD’s will contain examples of the above types of training. We encourage you to purchase our current new DVD set to get a feel for our training.

Kapap Argentina 2010

In order to analyze how a person functions during combat and under fear, it is important to understand the mental and physical states that a person may experience before at the Pre-Conflict, as combat anxiety – defined as “the anticipation of danger”. This anticipation may lead to a gradual deterioration of both mental and physical skills.

This type of condition is related to the mindset of any person that finds himself in a survival conflict (rape, mugging, attack, war, etc.). The main effects that it has on a person are related to these facts:

A. During the conflict as the survival stress – deals with the post event mental & physiological symptoms known as “backlash”, which may distort the memory.
B. On post Conflict as combat stress – Objective fear perceptions include a person having fear of death, injury, killing, incorrect decision-making, failure, or just fear by itself.

The more one can predict Fear, the higher the level of arousal becomes. Once you feel threatened, your level of arousal is not under your voluntary control. However, your perception of the threat level and your behavior during levels of high arousal can be strongly influenced by training you receive prior to the threatening situation. Our arousal is controlled by our autonomic nervous system, which operates automatically in the same way that we breathe and our heart beats automatically. Our autonomic nervous system has two parts; the parasympathetic part is operational under no threat conditions. However, under threat conditions, the sympathetic part will switch on and the cause profound changes in our body that prepare us to do one of three survival behaviors:

Flight, Fight, Freeze

With freeze being the most dangerous behavior to us, the profound changes in your body happens during high arousal states will not only influence your behavior, but also your thinking processes and your ability after the event to remember what happened. A backlash effect, which is known as vasodilatation will increase the normal bleeding. Therefore, it is critical that all gunshot / knife wounds be treated as soon as possible. If a wound is bleeding excessively during stress activation (sympathetic nervous system), it indicates arterial bleeding and appropriate countermeasures (such as pressure point and/or tourniquet) should be given strong consideration. Backlash effect can also slow down the visual process. It reduces oxygen delivery to the photoreceptors, especially to the cones. This in turn, results in a temporary loss or distortion of a person’s vision.
All perceptual senses, (sight, sound, touch taste, smell and the six sense), provide the brain with a constant flow of information. However, when the brain becomes focused on an activity or a threat, the brain will “tune in” to the sensory system that provides the most relevant information at that given second. Other sensory inputs will be “tuned out” by the brain because they lack immediate significance for the victim at that given second. This is a phenomenon referred to as perceptual narrowing or selective attention. As a result, the brain stops processing information from the other senses, particularly the auditory or hearing system. This is referred to as “auditory exclusion.”

Each of these physiological changes will affect combat performance as it relates to our vision, our ability to perform basic motor skills, and our ability to cognitively process information, accuracy skills and a significant increase in reaction time. When stress (activates the SNS) arousal occurs, these negative effects upon vision cannot be avoided, but they can be minimized through proper training. For example should be taught to pivot their heads, rather than just darting their eyes, in order to compensate for tunnel vision. In addition, shooting programs can emphasize instinctive shooting techniques that reduce the need to rely on the gun sights when firing at close range.

Combat Fitness is recognized as an integral component of survival and use of force training. The combination of aerobic (cardio/respiratory) and anaerobic (strength) conditioning not only enhances a person’s ability to control a subject and survive, but contributes to long term health. Based on a research of case studies in Israel’s leading Tactical unit, where the Modern Kapap combat system was developed over the most common techniques to the most common types of resistance encountered, with the mission to find the best suitable combat system based on limited budget, time spent on training and complexity of the training program, yet to try to get the best addressing goals and as if its based to civilians or law enforcement the system must also stand at defense at court (as the part of post conflict) if need be. The training must be based on research as a focus on examining performance under stress. Kapap practitioners discovered that when one’s fine and complex motor skills are being trained constantly in a specific way, they affect immediately the performance of the Gross motor skills that are used naturally by our body in a combat (stressful) situation, thus enhancing the overall performance and ability to overcome any threat situation with increased probability to survive.